The Lens of Belief: How Bias Shapes Perception Among Hindu Nationalists in India

 The Lens of Belief: How Bias Shapes Perception Among Hindu Nationalists in India

Introduction

In India, a land of diverse cultures and deep-rooted traditions, belief systems often shape how people interpret information. Among Hindu nationalists, a pattern emerges: ideas aligning with their worldview are often embraced with little scrutiny, while those challenging their beliefs face intense skepticism and critique. This selective reasoning isn’t unique to any group, but its manifestation in Hindu nationalist circles reveals fascinating insights into human psychology and group dynamics. This article explores how confirmation bias drives this behavior, with examples illustrating the phenomenon and its implications.

The Psychology of Confirmation Bias

Confirmation bias, the tendency to favor information that aligns with pre-existing beliefs, is universal. For Hindu nationalists, whose ideology often blends pride in Hindu heritage with a narrative of historical grievance, this bias manifests distinctly. Ideas reinforcing their worldview—such as the supremacy of Hindu culture or perceived threats from minorities—are quickly accepted. Conversely, counter-narratives are dissected with rigor, often dismissed with elaborate counterarguments, no matter how tenuous.

This isn’t about a lack of intelligence. Many Hindu nationalists are well-educated and articulate. Yet, the emotional weight of identity and ideology can override critical thinking, especially when beliefs feel tied to survival or cultural resurgence. The result is a dual standard: a welcoming embrace for convenient truths and a fortress of skepticism for inconvenient ones.

Examples in Action

1. Historical Narratives: The Glorification of Ancient India
   Hindu nationalist circles often promote the idea that ancient India was a global pinnacle of science, technology, and philosophy. Claims like “ancient Hindus invented airplanes” (based on references to Vimanas in texts like the Mahabharata) or “stem cell research existed in Vedic times” are circulated widely. These ideas, often shared via WhatsApp forwards or speeches by influential figures, are rarely questioned by supporters. The allure of a glorious past fits the narrative of Hindu pride, so the lack of archaeological evidence or scientific corroboration is overlooked.
   Contrast this with the skepticism toward established historical research. For instance, when historians suggest that certain Vedic practices evolved over time or that the Aryan migration theory has genetic and linguistic backing, these claims are met with fierce resistance. Critics demand exhaustive evidence, question the motives of researchers (often labeling them “anti-Hindu”), and propose alternative theories, even if they rely on speculative interpretations of ancient texts.
2. Cow Protection and Scientific Claims
   The cow holds sacred status in Hinduism, and Hindu nationalists often advocate for its protection with fervor. Claims about the medicinal properties of cow urine or dung—such as curing cancer or boosting immunity—are widely accepted in these circles. Social media posts and “scientific” papers from sympathetic sources are shared without much scrutiny, despite limited peer-reviewed evidence. The belief in the cow’s sanctity makes such claims emotionally resonant, bypassing the need for rigorous validation.
   However, when scientific studies challenge these ideas—like reports showing no significant health benefits from cow-based remedies—the response is different. Critics of these studies might argue that Western science is biased against Indian traditions or that the research is incomplete. Every methodological flaw, real or imagined, is magnified to discredit findings that don’t align with the revered status of the cow.
3. Political Narratives and Media Consumption
   Hindu nationalists often rally behind political figures who champion their cause, accepting their rhetoric at face value. For example, during elections, claims about economic achievements or promises of cultural restoration are taken as gospel by supporters, even if data (like unemployment rates or GDP growth) tells a more complex story. The emotional appeal of a “Hindu-first” agenda overshadows the need for deeper analysis.
   On the flip side, allegations against favored leaders—such as corruption scandals or policy failures—are met with elaborate defenses. Supporters might argue that the accusations are conspiracies by “anti-national” forces, foreign media, or opposition parties. Minor inconsistencies in critical reports are blown out of proportion to dismiss them entirely, while similar inconsistencies in favorable narratives are ignored.

Why This Happens: The Role of Identity and Community

This selective reasoning isn’t just individual; it’s reinforced by community dynamics. Hindu nationalist groups often operate in echo chambers—be it WhatsApp groups, social media pages, or local organizations—where like-minded individuals amplify shared beliefs. Dissenting voices are sidelined or vilified, creating a feedback loop that rewards conformity and discourages questioning. When beliefs are tied to identity, challenging them feels like a personal attack, making people cling tighter to shaky arguments.

Moreover, the narrative of “Hindu victimhood”—the idea that Hindus have been oppressed for centuries by invaders, colonial powers, or secularists—adds emotional fuel. Ideas that restore pride or promise empowerment are embraced as acts of defiance, while those questioning the narrative are seen as threats to be neutralized.

The Broader Implications

This pattern of selective scrutiny has consequences. It can deepen polarization, as groups become less open to dialogue and more entrenched in their views. Misinformation, when unchallenged, spreads faster, shaping public opinion and policy. For instance, unverified claims about ancient India’s achievements can influence education curricula, while cow protection myths can drive vigilante violence.

Yet, this isn’t a uniquely “Hindu nationalist” problem. Every group—whether political, religious, or ideological—grapples with confirmation bias. The question is whether individuals can step back and examine their own reasoning with the same rigor they apply to opposing views.

A Path Forward: Encouraging Critical Thinking

Breaking free from bias requires conscious effort. For Hindu nationalists, or anyone, here are a few steps to foster balanced thinking:

• Question Everything Equally: Apply the same skepticism to ideas you like as those you don’t. If a claim about ancient India excites you, dig into primary sources. If a critique of your beliefs angers you, pause and evaluate its evidence calmly.
• Diversify Your Sources: Step outside echo chambers. Read historians, scientists, and commentators who don’t share your worldview. You don’t have to agree, but understanding their reasoning sharpens your own.
• Embrace Uncertainty: Not every belief needs to be absolute. It’s okay to say, “I don’t know enough yet” or “This needs more evidence.” Curiosity is strength, not weakness.

Conclusion

Hindu nationalists, like any group, are shaped by the human tendency to embrace what feels right and defend what feels sacred. The examples above—glorified histories, cow-related claims, and political loyalty—show how bias filters reality, letting convenient ideas slide through while blocking challenging ones. Recognizing this pattern isn’t about pointing fingers; it’s about understanding ourselves. In a world of competing narratives, the courage to question our own beliefs is the first step toward truth.